Homework 1

Question 1 -

HTTP- (Hypertext transfer Protocol) HTTP consists of a set of organized set of text that is accessed by other hyperlinks involving something called nodes which will contain text and this will allow for the exchanging and transferring of information between the client and server. This happens by using the request and respond method the requires the client which could be any user sending out a request. This request could then be any information on any topic. The HTTP request is then sent out to the server where the server will respond to the client and return with HTML files in form of the information that was requested by the client. This application allows anyone from anywhere with access to obtain its data.

STMP-  (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)  This is a connection based and text formatted protocol that gives power to a client that will also serve as the mail sender to be able to give out a command involving an electronic message in the form of an email. The main user will be providing command strings and also providing the needed material to be sent. Between the two users. This will all occur over a dependable organized and secure data stream channel which for this case is the  transmission control protocol connection.  These are one of the methods for the transfer of electronic mail across the various IP address networks. The HTTP receives  commands from the client while the SMTP also receives commands from a specific client to send an email to another person. However when it comes to receiving the emails there are different procedures taken.

RTP-  realtime transport protocol. This is a container arrangement which allows for the delivery of audio and video content over the IP address networks. The entertainment and communications sectors are both highly reliant on this form of transportation which allows for the client to receive both audio and video content over the internet. RTP will guarantee that the content is transported in a timely fashion and that the integrity of the audio and video content is maintained in the process even though certain errors can occur in the process RTP will try to maintain the quality of the content sent to the various IP address networks.

DNS- domain name system which is an organized and structured chain of command naming system for all the computers and services that are connected to the internet or any other network. Certain information will be allotted to certain domain names and these domain names will have corresponding IP addresses which will be used to locate that specific domain name. The domain name space is depicted by a tree when the every leaf which have resources records and when the client access information about anything that information which the domain contains will come up for the clients request trying to access information.

TCP-  transmission control Protocol and its function is to supply dependable, error free system of transportation that occurs between various computers which will be connected to the internet. It is used in the transportation of electronic mail and also the transfer of various files and other content from any location to another location. The client will use the TCP to send not just email or other necessary files as well. As we are moving into the realm of the greater reliance on technology we are highly using TCP for various transfers of files and content to anyone in any location, and this is allowing the internet to connect any client in practically in any location.  

UDP- stands for User datagram protocol and is one of main components of the internet protocol suite. By the help of UDP it will allow applications to send out a message which is known as the datagram to other hosts or computers on the IP network. Since UDP cannot guarantee the integrity of the message sent it is valuable for those where error arising may not be important, UDP will take the assistance of TCP or even SCTP to provide for a reliable message to be sent. 

IP- Internet protocol is a main component as of the internet protocol suite and it is responsible for providing addresses to every specific location and also is responsible for the transportation of datagrams from one location to another location in essence this is what allows for the internet to exists by connecting users. And it has two main functions which includes recognizing each of the hosts and then also giving “logical location service”.

ICMP Is used for internet control message protocol and is also one of the main components that make up the internet protocol suite. One of its functions is to relay messages that arise due to error in connecting over the internet that a service is either not available or for whichever reason cannot connect. The primary users will be network devices like routers.

DSL -is used for digital subscriber line and/ or was also known as the digital subscriber loop as well. It is a group of technology that will allow the client to have access over the internet. And this will be all possible with the assistance of digital data that will be provided with the physical connection of wires. Many ISP or Internet service providers are classified as DSL. DSL service is transmitted along with traditional phone service on the same exact telephone line however both services the internet and phone service will act independently of each other allowing for better service and simultaneous service.

SONET -stands for synchronous optical networking and it works alongside the Synchronus Digital Hierarchy and these are set of “standardized protocols” which allow for the transfer of digital content over the medium of fiber optics with the assistance of lasers and “highly coherent light” from LEDS. Both SONET and SDH work together and it was developed so that it could replace the problem of transferring a large amount of telephone communication or calls over the fiber network. S

802.11 -is a group of media access control (or MAC) and also a physical layer and is component that allows for a Wireless Local Network. This is what allows for the wireless or wifi networks to be established for example in our homes, school, airports and even now at restaurants. Router technology has been changed so there are many models and types of technology that is housed in our routers which are present in our home networks. And the most common type of router are the blue linksys router. 

Ethernet-  A wire that allows for a connection, a wired connection between a laptop or any device which has an ethernet port to a router and this will supply a wired internet connection if needed. Ethernet falls under the category of computer networking technology along with the 802.11 (routers that contain the technology). The Ethernet cable contains many fiber optics and twisted pairs. Initially the transfer of information was  10megabits per second to 100 gigabits per second. 

Question 2- Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]

Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

C:\Users\Marco>tracert york.cuny.edu

Tracing route to york.cuny.edu [198.61.16.7]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     1 ms     9 ms    13 ms  Wireless_Broadband_Router.home [192.168.1.1]

  2     7 ms     5 ms     6 ms  L100.NYCMNY-VFTTP-32.verizon-gni.net [71.125.61.

1]

  3     7 ms    16 ms     7 ms  G1-15-2-4.NYCMNY-LCR-22.verizon-gni.net [130.81.

218.62]

  4     8 ms     7 ms     8 ms  ae0-0.NY5030-BB-RTR1.verizon-gni.net [130.81.209

.118]

  5    30 ms    12 ms     8 ms  0.xe-10-1-0.BR1.NYC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.18.225]

  6     *       20 ms    22 ms  ae11.edge2.NewYork.Level3.net [4.68.62.41]

  7    24 ms    24 ms    25 ms  vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net [4.69.138.222]

  8    24 ms    23 ms    22 ms  ae-48-48.ebr1.NewYork1.Level3.net [4.69.201.49]

  9    21 ms    21 ms    21 ms  ae-1-8.bar2.Boston1.Level3.net [4.69.140.97]

 10    23 ms    24 ms    35 ms  CWIE-LLC.bar2.Boston1.Level3.net [4.53.54.6]

 11    12 ms    15 ms    13 ms  xe-1-0-0.nycmnyzrj42.lightower.net [72.22.160.15

2]

 12    12 ms    28 ms    12 ms  64.72.64.110.available.lightower.net [64.72.64.1

10]

 13    13 ms    14 ms    12 ms  ae3-nycmnyaaj41.lightower.net [72.22.160.172]

 14    18 ms    14 ms    12 ms  162.220.40.254.lightower.net [162.220.40.254]

 15     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 16     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 17     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 18     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 19     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 20     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 21     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 22     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 23     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 24     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 25     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 26     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 27     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 28     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 29     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 30     *        *        *     Request timed out.

Trace complete.

C:\Users\Marco>tracert twitter.com

Tracing route to twitter.com [199.16.156.70]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     1 ms    <1 ms     1 ms  Wireless_Broadband_Router.home [192.168.1.1]

  2     7 ms     6 ms     8 ms  L100.NYCMNY-VFTTP-32.verizon-gni.net [71.125.61.

1]

  3    12 ms     8 ms     8 ms  G0-14-2-5.NYCMNY-LCR-21.verizon-gni.net [130.81.

187.204]

  4     6 ms     8 ms     5 ms  ae5-0.NY325-BB-RTR2.verizon-gni.net [130.81.163.

216]

  5   153 ms    26 ms    10 ms  0.so-4-0-0.XT2.NYC4.ALTER.NET [152.63.9.249]

  6     7 ms    10 ms     8 ms  TenGigE0-5-0-1.GW5.NYC4.ALTER.NET [152.63.30.90]

  7     *        5 ms     5 ms  teliasonera-gw.customer.alter.net [152.179.163.1

78]

  8     6 ms     6 ms     5 ms  nyk-b6-link.telia.net [213.155.130.33]

  9    10 ms    10 ms    11 ms  twitter-ic-302259-nyk-b6.c.telia.net [62.115.33.

210]

 10     *       41 ms    40 ms  xe-1-0-0.iad1-cr2.twttr.com [199.16.159.109]

 11    77 ms    78 ms    76 ms  ae50.atl1-er2.twttr.com [199.16.159.71]

 12    55 ms    57 ms    57 ms  199.16.156.70

Trace complete.

C:\Users\Marco>

Question 3- Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]

Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

C:\Users\Marco>tracert nike.com

Tracing route to nike.com [66.54.56.30]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     1 ms     1 ms     1 ms  Wireless_Broadband_Router.home [192.168.1.1]

  2     7 ms     7 ms     7 ms  L100.NYCMNY-VFTTP-32.verizon-gni.net [71.125.61.

1]

  3     8 ms     6 ms     9 ms  G0-14-2-5.NYCMNY-LCR-21.verizon-gni.net [130.81.

187.204]

  4     6 ms   121 ms    16 ms  so-5-0-0-0.NY325-BB-RTR2.verizon-gni.net [130.81

.22.16]

  5     7 ms     7 ms     9 ms  0.xe-1-0-2.XT2.NYC9.ALTER.NET [152.63.2.69]

  6     *        *        *     Request timed out.

  7     *        *        *     Request timed out.

  8     *        *        *     Request timed out.

  9   118 ms    62 ms    70 ms  0.ae1.XT2.SAC1.ALTER.NET [140.222.225.217]

 10    62 ms    61 ms    61 ms  GigabitEthernet7-0-0.GW9.SAC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.

55.77]

 11    63 ms    62 ms    63 ms  eds-gw.customer.alter.net [63.114.61.154]

 12     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 13     *        *        *     Request timed out.

 14    64 ms    65 ms    62 ms  nike.com [66.54.56.30]

Trace complete.

C:\Users\Marco>

Where is <66.54.56.30 > The approximate location was Palo Alto, CA 94304


Hop 1 LOCATION- NEW YORK
HOP 2 LOCATION- NEW YORK
HOP 3 LOCATION - NEW YORK 
HOP 4 LOCATION- NEW YORK 
HOP 5 LOCATION- UNITED STATES
HOP 6 LOCATION- NOT FOUND
HOP 7 LOCATION- NOT FOUND
HOP 8 LOCATION- NOT FOUND
HOP 9 LOCATION- PURCHASE, NY
HOP 10 LOCATION - UNITED STATES
HOP 11 LOCATION- San Bernardino, CA
HOP 12 LOCATIN- NOT FOUND
HOP 13 LOCATION- NOT FOUND
HOP 14 LOCATION- Palo Alto, CA 


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