Acronym Assignment

Assignment 1

                The hour glass model one of the most fundamental concepts of the networks pertaining to the internet. It graphically shows how each process or item depends on one another sort of similar to a bureaucracy. I mean this because each layer can’t function without its bottom layer. The bottom layer being the link, or in plainness terms the physical medium in which connects gives and receives signals to an internet connection or an existing network. So examples of these are: Ethernet which uses a cable that is bigger than a normal phone jack and when it is connected to a router it can connect multiple computers to the same network, but the main purpose is that it uses the signals to send from the client to the network and vice versa, specifically it can transfer data from 10 mbps to 1000mbps. The DSL which stands for, “Digital subscriber line”, which is when the client receives connection over an existing telephone cable, which is an alternative to installing a new fiber optic cable over the same distance and route to the existing network. Next is the SONET which stand for, “Synchronous Optical Network”, this transports amounts of data to along large distances by way of fiber optic cabling, it does this at immensely high speeds, ranging from 50 Mbps – 40 Gbps. The 802.11 is a representation of wireless communication between the client and the existing network. This is also known as WIFI, in the modern world. The difference between 802.11a-q is the range of speed that is transits signals. This also doesn’t interfere with the client’s wireless products such as phones and other appliances.

                The next layer above the link layer is the, “Internet layer”, there are two main components of this layer in which it makes sure that a client who is attempting to transfer signals and receive signals from the server has an IP address. IP stands for, “internet protocol”, this enables network devices to find each other and transfer and communicate through signals and data. So the first layer enables the client to connect to a network, now this layer makes sure the user has an address. This concept is similar to a mailing system. In order to send mail, the sender needs to have a letter to send, which represents the physical layer. Then the sender needs to provide their address and the letter’s destination address, this represents the concept of the IP address. A client can’t send signals to the network without having an IP address. ICMP stands for, “Internet Control Message Protocol”, is the error checking or error sending routine that takes place when a user doesn’t have an IP address or if there are discrepancies within this process.  

                As we go up the hour glass model of internet communication, we enter the, “Transport layer”, this is where the data sent through the lower layers are reviewed by several protocols so it can then data can be sent to the application layer. In doing so, it breaks down all the information it received in the previous layers and separates it into several parts and then sends it to the application through signals. There are two main components of the Transport layer, first is the TCP which stands for, “Transport Control Protocol”, this is where the data is broken up into a specified order in which that data was received to the Transport Layer . On the contrary, the UDP which stands for, “User Datagram Protocol”, doesn’t assign an order to the data received. It just breaks the data into parts and sends it off to the application.

                Lastly, the Application Layer this is where the user utilizes websites, emails, and etc. One of the applications that are known is a DNS. This stands for, “Domain Name System”, this is vital information of every website domain has: such as the domain name, IP addresses, and other things that make it easier for computer networks to find it by way of several protocols. Another application, which is the SMTP this stands for, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol that control of sending and receiving emails from another server or client. If you don’t have this protocol then you are unable to receive or send any emails. Third application is called RTP which stands for, “Real-Time Transfer Protocol”, this is responsible for transfer video and audio from server to server. Lastly, the most famous application is the HTTP, which stands for “Hyper Text- Transfer Protocol” this enables the user to have the browsing experience and linking webpages together. The HTTPS, is the more secure version of the this protocol, for example when you sign in to a website it uses a secure connection, so if you are idle for a certain amount of time or if you make a payment it logs you out depending on the state of your computer.